Honorific suffixes are associated with the names of the people we talk, or talked about (these honorary particles are placed after the name of the caller, even his name, but the family name priority). They are not used to self talk. Choosing a suffix or other gives indications on the relationship between two people. These particles are very contextual, so it is difficult to give absolute rules for their use
San (さ ん)
This is the most common and most neutral, the simplest translation would be "Mr." or "Mrs.". San (さ ん) is a suffix of courtesy (respect). There is always after a family name, a first name, full name. It should be used with someone you respect and with whom one is not especially close, for example: a colleague or boss, customers, someone you know little. It is the context that will help determine if it is a man or a woman.
Kun (く ん)
It is a particle at low politeness, normally used in relation to boys younger. An adult for example can be used to address a boy, or supervisor to speak to an employee. It is not to be used in speaking of a girl, because it's masculine, unless a close proximity.
Chan (ち ゃ ん)
ち ゃ ん is a very common familiar suffix used by adults when speaking to children (especially girls), by girls therebetween, or boys to girls younger or the same age.
Ex: Naruto called Sakura "Sakura-chan"
Sama (さ ま) Dono (ど の)
Sama (さ ま) is used for people of higher order, and / or where you want to show respect and admiration. This is the suffix used for god "Kami-sama".
Dono (ど の) this is an aged suffix that we hardly found today in some administrative notes. It was used for the nobles and samurai.
Senpai (せ ん ぱ い)
Thus we call a person who has more experience in the shared domain, and has more seniority in a school, company ... or in an apprenticeship (karate, Japanese, music ...) and guide those who have less experience.
Sensei (せ ん せ い)
Sensei (せ ん せ い) is used to designate a teacher, doctor, artist, master.
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